Endometriosis Knowledgebase

Search Result

Gene id

51738

Gene Summary Protein Summary Gene ontology KEGG pathways Diseases PubMed references

Gene Summary

Gene Symbol

GHRL Gene UCSC Ensembl

Aliases

MTLRP

Gene name

ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide

Alternate names

appetite-regulating hormone, In2c-preproghrelin, ghrelin, growth hormone secretagogue receptor ligand, ghrelin/obestatin preprohormone, ghrelin/obestatin prepropeptide, growth hormone-releasing peptide, motilin-related peptide, prepro-appetite regulatory hormone,

Gene location

3p25.3 (10292946: 10285749) Exons: 6 NC_000003.12

Gene summary(Entrez)

This gene encodes the ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein that is cleaved to yield two peptides, ghrelin and obestatin. Ghrelin is a powerful appetite stimulant and plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Its secretion is initiated when the stomach is empty, whereupon it binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in the hypothalamus which results in the secretion of growth hormone (somatotropin). Ghrelin is thought to regulate multiple activities, including hunger, reward perception via the mesolimbic pathway, gastric acid secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and pancreatic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. It was initially proposed that obestatin plays an opposing role to ghrelin by promoting satiety and thus decreasing food intake, but this action is still debated. Recent reports suggest multiple metabolic roles for obestatin, including regulating adipocyte function and glucose metabolism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. In addition, antisense transcripts for this gene have been identified and may potentially regulate ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein expression. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

OMIM

605353

Protein Summary

Protein general information

Q9UBU3

Name: Appetite regulating hormone (Growth hormone secretagogue) (Growth hormone releasing peptide) (Motilin related peptide) (Protein M46) [Cleaved into: Ghrelin 27; Ghrelin 28 (Ghrelin); Obestatin]

Length: 117 Mass: 12,911

Tissue specificity: Highest level in stomach. All forms are found in serum as well. Other tissues compensate for the loss of ghrelin synthesis in the stomach following gastrectomy. {ECO

Sequence

MPSPGTVCSLLLLGMLWLDLAMAGSSFLSPEHQRVQQRKESKKPPAKLQPRALAGWLRPEDGGQAEGAEDELEVR
FNAPFDVGIKLSGVQYQQHSQALGKFLQDILWEEAKEAPADK

Structural information

Interpro:	IPR006737 IPR006738 IPR005441
Pfam:	PF04643 PF04644
PDB:	1P7X
PDBsum:	1P7X
STRING:	ENSP00000335074;

Other Databases

GeneCards: GHRL; Malacards: GHRL

Gene ontology

GO accession	Term name	Evidence code	Go category
GO:0000187	activation of MAPK activi ty	IMP	biological_process
GO:0001664	G-protein coupled recepto r binding	ISS	molecular_function
GO:0001696	gastric acid secretion	IBA	biological_process
GO:0001937	negative regulation of en dothelial cell proliferat ion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0005515	protein binding	IPI	molecular_function
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IDA	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005615	extracellular space	IDA	cellular_component
GO:0005615	extracellular space	IDA	cellular_component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lum en	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lum en	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lum en	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lum en	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005829	cytosol	IEA	cellular_component
GO:0006006	glucose metabolic process	NAS	biological_process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled recepto r signaling pathway	ISS	biological_process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled recepto r signaling pathway	TAS	biological_process
GO:0007204	positive regulation of cy tosolic calcium ion conce ntration	ISS	biological_process
GO:0008154	actin polymerization or d epolymerization	IDA	biological_process
GO:0008343	adult feeding behavior	ISS	biological_process
GO:0009725	response to hormone	IDA	biological_process
GO:0009755	hormone-mediated signalin g pathway	TAS	biological_process
GO:0016358	dendrite development	IDA	biological_process
GO:0016525	negative regulation of an giogenesis	NAS	biological_process
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	ISS	molecular_function
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	TAS	molecular_function
GO:0030252	growth hormone secretion	TAS	biological_process
GO:0030296	protein tyrosine kinase a ctivator activity	IMP	molecular_function
GO:0030424	axon	IDA	cellular_component
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	ISS	molecular_function
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	TAS	molecular_function
GO:0032024	positive regulation of in sulin secretion	ISS	biological_process
GO:0032095	regulation of response to food	IBA	biological_process
GO:0032100	positive regulation of ap petite	ISS	biological_process
GO:0032691	negative regulation of in terleukin-1 beta producti on	IDA	biological_process
GO:0034774	secretory granule lumen	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0034774	secretory granule lumen	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0040013	negative regulation of lo comotion	IEA	biological_process
GO:0040018	positive regulation of mu lticellular organism grow th	IC	biological_process
GO:0042127	regulation of cell prolif eration	IDA	biological_process
GO:0042127	regulation of cell prolif eration	IDA	biological_process
GO:0042322	negative regulation of ci rcadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep	IDA	biological_process
GO:0042536	negative regulation of tu mor necrosis factor biosy nthetic process	IDA	biological_process
GO:0043066	negative regulation of ap optotic process	IDA	biological_process
GO:0043400	cortisol secretion	NAS	biological_process
GO:0043627	response to estrogen	IDA	biological_process
GO:0045409	negative regulation of in terleukin-6 biosynthetic process	IDA	biological_process
GO:0046010	positive regulation of ci rcadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep	IDA	biological_process
GO:0046676	negative regulation of in sulin secretion	IEA	biological_process
GO:0046697	decidualization	IDA	biological_process
GO:0050728	negative regulation of in flammatory response	IDA	biological_process
GO:0051216	cartilage development	NAS	biological_process
GO:0051461	positive regulation of co rticotropin secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0051464	positive regulation of co rtisol secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0051464	positive regulation of co rtisol secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0051965	positive regulation of sy napse assembly	IDA	biological_process
GO:0060079	excitatory postsynaptic p otential	IEA	biological_process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of gr owth hormone secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of gr owth hormone secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0060399	positive regulation of gr owth hormone receptor sig naling pathway	IC	biological_process
GO:0061098	positive regulation of pr otein tyrosine kinase act ivity	IEA	biological_process
GO:0098794	postsynapse	IEA	cellular_component
GO:2000506	negative regulation of en ergy homeostasis	IEA	biological_process
GO:2000507	positive regulation of en ergy homeostasis	IEA	biological_process
GO:0000187	activation of MAPK activi ty	IMP	biological_process
GO:0001664	G-protein coupled recepto r binding	IEA	molecular_function
GO:0001664	G-protein coupled recepto r binding	ISS	molecular_function
GO:0001696	gastric acid secretion	IEA	biological_process
GO:0001696	gastric acid secretion	IBA	biological_process
GO:0001937	negative regulation of en dothelial cell proliferat ion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0005179	hormone activity	IEA	molecular_function
GO:0005179	hormone activity	IEA	molecular_function
GO:0005179	hormone activity	IEA	molecular_function
GO:0005515	protein binding	IPI	molecular_function
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IEA	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IEA	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IEA	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IEA	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IDA	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005615	extracellular space	IDA	cellular_component
GO:0005615	extracellular space	IDA	cellular_component
GO:0005737	cytoplasm	IEA	cellular_component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lum en	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lum en	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lum en	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lum en	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005829	cytosol	IEA	cellular_component
GO:0006006	glucose metabolic process	NAS	biological_process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled recepto r signaling pathway	IEA	biological_process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled recepto r signaling pathway	ISS	biological_process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled recepto r signaling pathway	TAS	biological_process
GO:0007204	positive regulation of cy tosolic calcium ion conce ntration	IEA	biological_process
GO:0007204	positive regulation of cy tosolic calcium ion conce ntration	ISS	biological_process
GO:0008154	actin polymerization or d epolymerization	IDA	biological_process
GO:0008343	adult feeding behavior	IEA	biological_process
GO:0008343	adult feeding behavior	ISS	biological_process
GO:0009725	response to hormone	IDA	biological_process
GO:0009755	hormone-mediated signalin g pathway	TAS	biological_process
GO:0016358	dendrite development	IEA	biological_process
GO:0016358	dendrite development	IDA	biological_process
GO:0016525	negative regulation of an giogenesis	NAS	biological_process
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	IEA	molecular_function
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	IEA	molecular_function
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	ISS	molecular_function
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	TAS	molecular_function
GO:0030252	growth hormone secretion	TAS	biological_process
GO:0030296	protein tyrosine kinase a ctivator activity	IMP	molecular_function
GO:0030424	axon	IDA	cellular_component
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	IEA	molecular_function
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	ISS	molecular_function
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	TAS	molecular_function
GO:0032024	positive regulation of in sulin secretion	IEA	biological_process
GO:0032024	positive regulation of in sulin secretion	ISS	biological_process
GO:0032095	regulation of response to food	IEA	biological_process
GO:0032095	regulation of response to food	IBA	biological_process
GO:0032097	positive regulation of re sponse to food	IEA	biological_process
GO:0032100	positive regulation of ap petite	IEA	biological_process
GO:0032100	positive regulation of ap petite	ISS	biological_process
GO:0032691	negative regulation of in terleukin-1 beta producti on	IDA	biological_process
GO:0034774	secretory granule lumen	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0034774	secretory granule lumen	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0040013	negative regulation of lo comotion	IEA	biological_process
GO:0040018	positive regulation of mu lticellular organism grow th	IC	biological_process
GO:0042127	regulation of cell prolif eration	IDA	biological_process
GO:0042127	regulation of cell prolif eration	IDA	biological_process
GO:0042322	negative regulation of ci rcadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep	IDA	biological_process
GO:0042536	negative regulation of tu mor necrosis factor biosy nthetic process	IDA	biological_process
GO:0043066	negative regulation of ap optotic process	IEA	biological_process
GO:0043066	negative regulation of ap optotic process	IDA	biological_process
GO:0043400	cortisol secretion	NAS	biological_process
GO:0043627	response to estrogen	IDA	biological_process
GO:0045409	negative regulation of in terleukin-6 biosynthetic process	IDA	biological_process
GO:0046010	positive regulation of ci rcadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep	IDA	biological_process
GO:0046676	negative regulation of in sulin secretion	IEA	biological_process
GO:0046697	decidualization	IDA	biological_process
GO:0050728	negative regulation of in flammatory response	IDA	biological_process
GO:0051216	cartilage development	NAS	biological_process
GO:0051461	positive regulation of co rticotropin secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0051464	positive regulation of co rtisol secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0051464	positive regulation of co rtisol secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0051965	positive regulation of sy napse assembly	IEA	biological_process
GO:0051965	positive regulation of sy napse assembly	IDA	biological_process
GO:0060079	excitatory postsynaptic p otential	IEA	biological_process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of gr owth hormone secretion	IEA	biological_process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of gr owth hormone secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of gr owth hormone secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0060399	positive regulation of gr owth hormone receptor sig naling pathway	IC	biological_process
GO:0061098	positive regulation of pr otein tyrosine kinase act ivity	IEA	biological_process
GO:0098794	postsynapse	IEA	cellular_component
GO:2000506	negative regulation of en ergy homeostasis	IEA	biological_process
GO:2000507	positive regulation of en ergy homeostasis	IEA	biological_process
GO:0000187	activation of MAPK activi ty	IMP	biological_process
GO:0001664	G-protein coupled recepto r binding	ISS	molecular_function
GO:0001696	gastric acid secretion	IBA	biological_process
GO:0001937	negative regulation of en dothelial cell proliferat ion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0005515	protein binding	IPI	molecular_function
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IDA	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005615	extracellular space	IDA	cellular_component
GO:0005615	extracellular space	IDA	cellular_component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lum en	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lum en	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lum en	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lum en	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0006006	glucose metabolic process	NAS	biological_process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled recepto r signaling pathway	ISS	biological_process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled recepto r signaling pathway	TAS	biological_process
GO:0007204	positive regulation of cy tosolic calcium ion conce ntration	ISS	biological_process
GO:0008154	actin polymerization or d epolymerization	IDA	biological_process
GO:0008343	adult feeding behavior	ISS	biological_process
GO:0009725	response to hormone	IDA	biological_process
GO:0009755	hormone-mediated signalin g pathway	TAS	biological_process
GO:0016358	dendrite development	IDA	biological_process
GO:0016525	negative regulation of an giogenesis	NAS	biological_process
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	ISS	molecular_function
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	TAS	molecular_function
GO:0030252	growth hormone secretion	TAS	biological_process
GO:0030296	protein tyrosine kinase a ctivator activity	IMP	molecular_function
GO:0030424	axon	IDA	cellular_component
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	ISS	molecular_function
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	TAS	molecular_function
GO:0032024	positive regulation of in sulin secretion	ISS	biological_process
GO:0032095	regulation of response to food	IBA	biological_process
GO:0032100	positive regulation of ap petite	ISS	biological_process
GO:0032691	negative regulation of in terleukin-1 beta producti on	IDA	biological_process
GO:0034774	secretory granule lumen	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0034774	secretory granule lumen	TAS	cellular_component
GO:0040018	positive regulation of mu lticellular organism grow th	IC	biological_process
GO:0042127	regulation of cell prolif eration	IDA	biological_process
GO:0042127	regulation of cell prolif eration	IDA	biological_process
GO:0042322	negative regulation of ci rcadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep	IDA	biological_process
GO:0042536	negative regulation of tu mor necrosis factor biosy nthetic process	IDA	biological_process
GO:0043066	negative regulation of ap optotic process	IDA	biological_process
GO:0043400	cortisol secretion	NAS	biological_process
GO:0043627	response to estrogen	IDA	biological_process
GO:0045409	negative regulation of in terleukin-6 biosynthetic process	IDA	biological_process
GO:0046010	positive regulation of ci rcadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep	IDA	biological_process
GO:0046697	decidualization	IDA	biological_process
GO:0050728	negative regulation of in flammatory response	IDA	biological_process
GO:0051216	cartilage development	NAS	biological_process
GO:0051461	positive regulation of co rticotropin secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0051464	positive regulation of co rtisol secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0051464	positive regulation of co rtisol secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0051965	positive regulation of sy napse assembly	IDA	biological_process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of gr owth hormone secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of gr owth hormone secretion	IDA	biological_process
GO:0060399	positive regulation of gr owth hormone receptor sig naling pathway	IC	biological_process

KEGG pathways

hsa04024 cAMP signaling pathway

Diseases

Associated diseases	References
Amenorrhea	PMID: 22252944
Anorexia nervosa	PMID: 16472909
Asthma	PMID: 19191138
Atherosclerosis	PMID: 17324965
Autism	PMID: 19058789
Cancer	PMID: 15894681
Depression	PMID: 18797403
Diabetes	PMID: 19460888
Dyspermia	PMID: 18584411
Eating disorders	KEGG: H01703
Endometriosis	PMID: 18976754
Metabolic syndrome	PMID: 16108842
Nephropathy	PMID: 16793966
Obesity	PMID: 19491387
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)	PMID: 16423836
Endometriosis	INFBASE20385382
Schizophrenia	PMID: 19193342
Spermatogenetic defects	PMID: 21474128
Steroidogenic dysfunction	PMID: 17079741

PubMed references

PMID	Condition	Mutation	Ethnicity	Population details	Infertility_type	Associated_genes	Abstract
18976754	Endometrio sis					ghrelin	Show abstract
20385382	Endometrio sis			66 (46 nonobese women with lap aroscopically a nd histopatholo gically confirm ed endometriosi s, 20 control w omen without pe lvic pathology)		Ghrelin VEGF	Show abstract